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interleukin 10  (R&D Systems)


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    Structured Review

    R&D Systems interleukin 10
    Interleukin 10, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 273 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/interleukin+10+il+10/Human+IL-10+DuoSet+ELISA/pmc12926579-106-8-25
    Average 96 stars, based on 273 article reviews
    interleukin 10 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

    Article Title: Citrulline inhibits Clostridioides difficile infection with anti-inflammatory effects.
    Article Snippet: Ying Xie, M.D.. Ph.D., gastroenterologist, Sophie Irwin, Ph.D., postdoctoral scholar, Becca Nelson, B.S., research assistant, Mieke van Daelen, research assistant, Lindsey Fontenot, B.S., graduate student, Jonathan P. Jacobs, M.D.. Ph.D., assistant professor, Monica Cappelletti, Ph.D., assistant professor, Hanping Feng, Ph.D., professor, Yiling Li, M.D.

    Article Title: The Anthocyanidins Malvidin and Cyanidin Alleviate Irinotecan-Triggered Intestinal Mucositis by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Release.
    Article Snippet: .. Cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using mouse cytokine ELISA kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MS, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. .. Duodenal and colon tissue samples were maintained in RNA later solution (Invitrogen, CA, USA) were extracted using the Trizol Reagent.

    Article Title: Ponicidin attenuates Aβ 1-42 -induced hippocampal cell injury through SIRT1 and PI3K/Akt pathways.
    Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that progressively worsens and is characterized by a decline in cognitive ability, memory impairment, and synaptic issues [1].. Although the exact cause of AD remains uncertain, accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss are strongly linked to cognitive problems in affected individuals [2–4].. Research has shown that Aβ is toxic in both in vitro and in vivo, leading to neuronal loss, tau protein phosphorylation, and increased microglial activity, which can result in the death of neuronal cells [5, 6].

    Article Title: Pathogenicity comparison of NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in 4-week-old weaned pigs versus 10-week-old growing pigs.
    Article Snippet: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a globally distributed and financially significant viral pathogen affecting the swine industry.. Its extensive genotypic and pathotypic heterogeneity among strains makes disease control challenging.. Since first reported in 2022, NADC34-like (lineage 1A, L1A) strains have become predominant in South Korea, attracting substantial attention in the domestic swine industry due to their high pathogenicity and considerable economic impact.

    Article Title: Periodontitis and diabetes in pregnant rats: Maternal-fetal outcomes
    Article Snippet: .. The serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (#DY510–05, R&D Systems®, USA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (#DY506–05, R&D Systems®, USA), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (#DY522–05, R&D Systems®, USA) were measured by the Sandwich Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) [ ]. ..

    Article Title: The Anthocyanidins Malvidin and Cyanidin Alleviate Irinotecan-Triggered Intestinal Mucositis by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Release
    Article Snippet: .. Cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using mouse cytokine ELISA kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MS, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. .. Duodenal and colon tissue samples were maintained in RNA later solution (Invitrogen, CA, USA) were extracted using the Trizol Reagent.

    Sandwich ELISA:

    Article Title: Maternal hyperglycemia and postnatal high-fat diet impair metabolic regulation and autophagy response in the liver of adult female rats
    Article Snippet: This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which the association between maternal hyperglycemia and postnatal high-fat diet (HFD) exposure compromises metabolic parameters and hepatic autophagy in adult female pups.. For this, Sprague Dawley rats, female pups from nondiabetic (control = FC) or diabetic (FD) mothers, were fed a standard diet (SD) or HFD from weaning until adulthood (n minimum= 5 rats/group): FC/SD, FC/HFD, FD/SD, and FD/HFD.. In adulthood, these rats were tested with the oral glucose tolerance test, euthanized, and serum biochemistry parameters were analyzed.

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Ponicidin attenuates Aβ 1-42 -induced hippocampal cell injury through SIRT1 and PI3K/Akt pathways.
    Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that progressively worsens and is characterized by a decline in cognitive ability, memory impairment, and synaptic issues [1].. Although the exact cause of AD remains uncertain, accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss are strongly linked to cognitive problems in affected individuals [2–4].. Research has shown that Aβ is toxic in both in vitro and in vivo, leading to neuronal loss, tau protein phosphorylation, and increased microglial activity, which can result in the death of neuronal cells [5, 6].

    Concentration Assay:

    Article Title: Periodontitis and diabetes in pregnant rats: Maternal-fetal outcomes
    Article Snippet: .. The serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (#DY510–05, R&D Systems®, USA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (#DY506–05, R&D Systems®, USA), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (#DY522–05, R&D Systems®, USA) were measured by the Sandwich Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) [ ]. ..



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    Schematic illustration of the preparation of M2-exo@HI and its mediated therapeutic mechanisms and signaling pathways. (a) RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M2 phenotype using DEX, followed by M2-exo isolation from cell supernatant via differential centrifugation. M2-exo@HI was prepared through encapsulating HI into M2-exo by electroporation. (b) M2-exo@HI crossed the BBB and localized to microglia in the hemorrhagic brain, delivering the HI plasmid into the nucleus. This prompted expression and secretion of Hp <t>and</t> <t>IL-10</t> by microglia. The released Hp inhibited Hb toxicity by binding to Hb. IL-10 shifted microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the reparative M2 phenotype, removing hematoma by engulfing erythrocyte and Hb-Hp complex, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—collectively enhancing neuroprotection and BBB repair. These beneficial outcomes were linked to the inhibition of the IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathways and activation of the PI3K-Akt and ferroptosis pathways.
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    Acupuncture shifted spinal microglia toward the M2 phenotype, modified spinal inflammation milieu, restored the E/I balancing in the spinal motor circuit and activated the spinal PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (M1 marker, green) and Iba-1 (microglial marker, red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ); representative images of CD206 (M2 marker, green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (marking the proprioceptive terminals, red) on CTB-labeled motor neurons (MNs, green) ( E ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (marking GABAergic synapses, green) ( F ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ), CD206 ( K ), vGluT1 ( L ), vGAT ( M ), p-PI3K/PI3K ( N ), and p-Akt/Akt ( O ) protein expressions relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( P ) and CD206 ( Q ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( R ), IL-6 ( S ), TGF-β ( T <t>),</t> <t>IL-10</t> ( U ), Glu ( V ), GABA ( W ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01,***P<0.001 versus M+AP group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.
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    Image Search Results


    Schematic illustration of the preparation of M2-exo@HI and its mediated therapeutic mechanisms and signaling pathways. (a) RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M2 phenotype using DEX, followed by M2-exo isolation from cell supernatant via differential centrifugation. M2-exo@HI was prepared through encapsulating HI into M2-exo by electroporation. (b) M2-exo@HI crossed the BBB and localized to microglia in the hemorrhagic brain, delivering the HI plasmid into the nucleus. This prompted expression and secretion of Hp and IL-10 by microglia. The released Hp inhibited Hb toxicity by binding to Hb. IL-10 shifted microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the reparative M2 phenotype, removing hematoma by engulfing erythrocyte and Hb-Hp complex, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—collectively enhancing neuroprotection and BBB repair. These beneficial outcomes were linked to the inhibition of the IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathways and activation of the PI3K-Akt and ferroptosis pathways.

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the preparation of M2-exo@HI and its mediated therapeutic mechanisms and signaling pathways. (a) RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M2 phenotype using DEX, followed by M2-exo isolation from cell supernatant via differential centrifugation. M2-exo@HI was prepared through encapsulating HI into M2-exo by electroporation. (b) M2-exo@HI crossed the BBB and localized to microglia in the hemorrhagic brain, delivering the HI plasmid into the nucleus. This prompted expression and secretion of Hp and IL-10 by microglia. The released Hp inhibited Hb toxicity by binding to Hb. IL-10 shifted microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the reparative M2 phenotype, removing hematoma by engulfing erythrocyte and Hb-Hp complex, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—collectively enhancing neuroprotection and BBB repair. These beneficial outcomes were linked to the inhibition of the IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathways and activation of the PI3K-Akt and ferroptosis pathways.

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

    Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Isolation, Centrifugation, Electroporation, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Binding Assay, Inhibition, Activation Assay

    Characterization of M2-exo@HI. (a) Western blot of Tsg101, CD9, and Calnexin expressions in RAW264.7 and M2-exo. (b) Protein bands of RAW264.7, M2-exo, M2-exo@HI, and HI by SDS-PAGE. (c) Fluorescence microscopy images showing Hp-EGFP and IL-10-mCherry expression in 293T cells infected with lipo2000@pBudCE4.1 , lipo2000@HI, and M2-exo@HI respectively, after 24 h. (d,e) Representative TEM images and size distribution profiles of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI. (f) Particle number of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI by NTA measurement. (g) Zeta potentials of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI (n = 3). (h) Drug release profiles of M2-exo@HI at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, respectively (n = 3). (i) Stability evaluation of M2-exo@HI in PBS at 4 °C by monitoring particle size over time (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of M2-exo@HI. (a) Western blot of Tsg101, CD9, and Calnexin expressions in RAW264.7 and M2-exo. (b) Protein bands of RAW264.7, M2-exo, M2-exo@HI, and HI by SDS-PAGE. (c) Fluorescence microscopy images showing Hp-EGFP and IL-10-mCherry expression in 293T cells infected with lipo2000@pBudCE4.1 , lipo2000@HI, and M2-exo@HI respectively, after 24 h. (d,e) Representative TEM images and size distribution profiles of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI. (f) Particle number of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI by NTA measurement. (g) Zeta potentials of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI (n = 3). (h) Drug release profiles of M2-exo@HI at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, respectively (n = 3). (i) Stability evaluation of M2-exo@HI in PBS at 4 °C by monitoring particle size over time (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

    Techniques: Western Blot, SDS Page, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing, Infection

    Validation of M2-exo targeting, Hp/IL-10 transfection expression, and Hp/Hb binding. (a) Fluorescence imaging showing cellular uptake of ICG and M2-exo@ICG by M1 microglia. (b,c) Flow cytometry and corresponding quantification of RhB and M2-exo@RhB internalized by M1 microglia (n = 3). (d,e) Schematic illustration and quantitative analysis of the in vitro phagocytosis-release kinetics of M2-exo@RhB in BV2 under ICH-mimicking stimulation (n = 6). (f) Fluorescence images showing Hp and IL-10 expression in M1 microglia treated with M2-exo@HI for 12, 24, 48, 72 h. (g) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification of Hp and IL-10 expression (n = 3). (h,i) ELISA measurements of secreted Hp and IL-10 protein levels (n = 3). (j,k) qPCR analysis of relative Hp and IL-10 mRNA expression (n = 3). (l) Western blot detection of Hp and IL-10 protein expression. (m) Densitometric quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels from Western blot (n = 3). (n) Co-immunoprecipitation assay confirming the formation of Hp-Hb complex. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (c and e), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (g-k and m).

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of M2-exo targeting, Hp/IL-10 transfection expression, and Hp/Hb binding. (a) Fluorescence imaging showing cellular uptake of ICG and M2-exo@ICG by M1 microglia. (b,c) Flow cytometry and corresponding quantification of RhB and M2-exo@RhB internalized by M1 microglia (n = 3). (d,e) Schematic illustration and quantitative analysis of the in vitro phagocytosis-release kinetics of M2-exo@RhB in BV2 under ICH-mimicking stimulation (n = 6). (f) Fluorescence images showing Hp and IL-10 expression in M1 microglia treated with M2-exo@HI for 12, 24, 48, 72 h. (g) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification of Hp and IL-10 expression (n = 3). (h,i) ELISA measurements of secreted Hp and IL-10 protein levels (n = 3). (j,k) qPCR analysis of relative Hp and IL-10 mRNA expression (n = 3). (l) Western blot detection of Hp and IL-10 protein expression. (m) Densitometric quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels from Western blot (n = 3). (n) Co-immunoprecipitation assay confirming the formation of Hp-Hb complex. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (c and e), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (g-k and m).

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

    Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Transfection, Expressing, Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Imaging, Flow Cytometry, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay

    M2-exo@HI promotes in vitro microglia polarization, BBB repair and neuroprotection. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of M1-type (CD86 + ) and M2-type microglia (CD163 + ) following treatment with different formulations. (b,c) Percentages of CD86 + and CD163 + microglia populations (n = 3). (d–g) The cytokine levels of IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β in treated microglia (n = 3). (h) Fluorescence microscopy images showing erythrophagocytosis by microglia across treatment groups. (i) Schematic of the in vitro BBB model assessing FITC-dextran permeability using a transwell assay. (j) Quantitative analysis of FITC-dextran penetration (n = 7). (k) Flow cytometry analysis of neuronal apoptosis across treatments (n = 3). (l) Quantitative analysis of neuronal apoptosis (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

    Figure Lengend Snippet: M2-exo@HI promotes in vitro microglia polarization, BBB repair and neuroprotection. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of M1-type (CD86 + ) and M2-type microglia (CD163 + ) following treatment with different formulations. (b,c) Percentages of CD86 + and CD163 + microglia populations (n = 3). (d–g) The cytokine levels of IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β in treated microglia (n = 3). (h) Fluorescence microscopy images showing erythrophagocytosis by microglia across treatment groups. (i) Schematic of the in vitro BBB model assessing FITC-dextran permeability using a transwell assay. (j) Quantitative analysis of FITC-dextran penetration (n = 7). (k) Flow cytometry analysis of neuronal apoptosis across treatments (n = 3). (l) Quantitative analysis of neuronal apoptosis (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

    Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Permeability, Transwell Assay

    Targeted delivery and therapeutic gene expression of M2-exo@HI in hemorrhagic brain. (a) In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging showing ICG and M2-exo@ICG in mouse brains at various time points post-injection. (b) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different treatment groups (n = 3). (c) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of major organs harvested 24 h post-injection. (d) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different in mouse tissues (n = 3). (e) Time-dependent accumulation of M2-exo@ICG at hematoma regions. (f) Immunofluorescence staining showing co-localization of Hp/IL-10 with astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. (g) Temporal expression profiles of Hp and IL-10 in brain tissues. (h,i) ELISA quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels in brain homogenates (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (b,d), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (h,i).

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeted delivery and therapeutic gene expression of M2-exo@HI in hemorrhagic brain. (a) In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging showing ICG and M2-exo@ICG in mouse brains at various time points post-injection. (b) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different treatment groups (n = 3). (c) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of major organs harvested 24 h post-injection. (d) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different in mouse tissues (n = 3). (e) Time-dependent accumulation of M2-exo@ICG at hematoma regions. (f) Immunofluorescence staining showing co-localization of Hp/IL-10 with astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. (g) Temporal expression profiles of Hp and IL-10 in brain tissues. (h,i) ELISA quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels in brain homogenates (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (b,d), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (h,i).

    Article Snippet: ELISA kits included mouse TNF- α ELISA kit (Solarbio), mouse IL-10 ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse Hp ELISA kit (Elabscience), mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (Solarbio), and TGF-β ELISA kit (Solarbio).

    Techniques: Gene Expression, In Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Injection, Ex Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    Acupuncture shifted spinal microglia toward the M2 phenotype, modified spinal inflammation milieu, restored the E/I balancing in the spinal motor circuit and activated the spinal PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (M1 marker, green) and Iba-1 (microglial marker, red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ); representative images of CD206 (M2 marker, green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (marking the proprioceptive terminals, red) on CTB-labeled motor neurons (MNs, green) ( E ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (marking GABAergic synapses, green) ( F ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ), CD206 ( K ), vGluT1 ( L ), vGAT ( M ), p-PI3K/PI3K ( N ), and p-Akt/Akt ( O ) protein expressions relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( P ) and CD206 ( Q ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( R ), IL-6 ( S ), TGF-β ( T ), IL-10 ( U ), Glu ( V ), GABA ( W ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01,***P<0.001 versus M+AP group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

    Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

    Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

    doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Acupuncture shifted spinal microglia toward the M2 phenotype, modified spinal inflammation milieu, restored the E/I balancing in the spinal motor circuit and activated the spinal PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (M1 marker, green) and Iba-1 (microglial marker, red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ); representative images of CD206 (M2 marker, green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (marking the proprioceptive terminals, red) on CTB-labeled motor neurons (MNs, green) ( E ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (marking GABAergic synapses, green) ( F ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ), CD206 ( K ), vGluT1 ( L ), vGAT ( M ), p-PI3K/PI3K ( N ), and p-Akt/Akt ( O ) protein expressions relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( P ) and CD206 ( Q ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( R ), IL-6 ( S ), TGF-β ( T ), IL-10 ( U ), Glu ( V ), GABA ( W ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01,***P<0.001 versus M+AP group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

    Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

    Techniques: Modification, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Labeling, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    Inhibition of M1 polarization of microglia mitigated spinal inflammatory milieu and facilitated the restoration of spinal E/I balance in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ) representative images of CD206 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( E ) representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( F ) scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ) ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ) CD206 ( K ) vGluT1 ( L ) vGAT ( M ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( N ) and CD206 ( O ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( P ) IL-6 ( Q ) TGF-β ( R ) IL-10 ( S ) Glu ( T ) GABA ( U ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus M+MC group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

    Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

    Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

    doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of M1 polarization of microglia mitigated spinal inflammatory milieu and facilitated the restoration of spinal E/I balance in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ) representative images of CD206 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( E ) representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( F ) scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ) ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ) CD206 ( K ) vGluT1 ( L ) vGAT ( M ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( N ) and CD206 ( O ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( P ) IL-6 ( Q ) TGF-β ( R ) IL-10 ( S ) Glu ( T ) GABA ( U ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus M+MC group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

    Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

    Techniques: Inhibition, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Labeling, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    Acupuncture mitigated excitability of spinal motor circuits and inflammatory milieu via PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( A ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( B ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( C ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( D ). Representative Western blot bands ( E ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( F ) CD206 ( G ) vGluT1 ( H ) vGAT ( I ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( J ) and CD206 ( K ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( L ) IL-6 ( M ) TGF-β ( N ) IL-10 ( O ) Glu ( P ) GABA ( Q ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ***P<0.001 versus M+AP+Veh group; ## P<0.01, ### P<0.001 versus M+Veh group.

    Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

    Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

    doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Acupuncture mitigated excitability of spinal motor circuits and inflammatory milieu via PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( A ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( B ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( C ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( D ). Representative Western blot bands ( E ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( F ) CD206 ( G ) vGluT1 ( H ) vGAT ( I ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( J ) and CD206 ( K ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( L ) IL-6 ( M ) TGF-β ( N ) IL-10 ( O ) Glu ( P ) GABA ( Q ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ***P<0.001 versus M+AP+Veh group; ## P<0.01, ### P<0.001 versus M+Veh group.

    Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

    Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay